After graduating in Economics and Banking from the University of Siena and a Master in Economics from the London School of Economics, Carlo Cottarelli worked from 1981 to 1987 in the monetary department of the Research Department of the Bank of Italy and from 1987 to 1988 at the Research Department of ENI. Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for Italy, Albania, Greece, Malta, Portugal and San Marino from November 2014 to October 2017. From October 2013 to October 2014 he was Commissioner for the Revision of Public Expenditure in Italy and from 2008 to 2013 Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department of the International Monetary Fund. He is currently the Director of the Observatory on Italian Public Accounts of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (assignment free of charge), teaches at the Luigi Bocconi University and is the President of Interspac.